Essay on The Change of Nazis Treatment of the Jews From...

The Change of Nazis Treatment of the Jews From 1939-45 Hitler and the Nazi party managed to kill six million Jews throughout Europe by the end of 1945. This systematic process of killing between the years 1939 and 1945 is known as the holocaust. There were five key issues that led to the Wansee conference that took place in 1942 before the Nazis decided upon the final solution to the Jewish problem. These events included the outbreak of World War II, Hitlers personal agenda against the Jewish population, the rise and power of the SS and the failures of other solutions put forward to get rid of the Jewish problem. The start of the war in 1939, robbed the Jews of what little protection†¦show more content†¦The SS who began as Hitlers personal bodyguards when the Nazi party first took power, from the year 1939 onwards grew at an alarming rate. Soon they were larger than the German army. Some even referred to the SS as a state within a state. With their growth, they were also given the responsibility of the putting into practise the Nazis anti-Semitic views. The SS were prone to using violence to achieve their aims as seen before the Nazis came to power where the SS were used to threaten political opponents, and other persons from challenging the Nazis or voting for any other party. It was inevitable that the SS would use violence to eradicate the Jews. One of the reasons why the SS were keen on following Hitlers orders and getting rid of the Jews was that they were able to steal from the Jews valuable possessions which even included any gold that the Jews in their teeth. These goods taken from the Jews would than be sold on the black market at huge prices making the members of the SS extremely rich. During wartime some commodities were extremely rare and those wishing to purchase them would have to pay extremely high prices. Selling goods without the knowledge of the government is known as trading in the black market. The SS were thereforeShow MoreRelatedNazis Attempts to Eliminate Jews in Europe from 1941 Onwards1722 Words   |  7 PagesNazis Attempts to Eliminate Jews in Europe from 1941 Onwards Before 1941, the Nazis used one main method to eradicate the Jewish population in Nazi controlled Europe. They attempted to make life for the Jews unbearable so that they would move to other countries. The Nazis also attempted to control them inside Ghettos. They were even trying to deport them to the African country of Madagascar. There were major problems with this. One was that the countries they invadedRead MoreEssay on The Change in the Nazis Treatment of the Jews478 Words   |  2 PagesThe Change in the Nazis Treatment of the Jews Why did the Nazis treatment of the Jews change from 1939-45? After the beginning of 1938 the situation deteriorated rapidly. The main reason why the Nazis treatment of the Jews changed was that the Nazi leaders had become much more confident and less concerned about the rest of the world thought about their anti Jewish policies. When war broke out in 1939 it became more difficultRead MoreEssay about The Holocaust4385 Words   |  18 PagesThe Holocaust All throughout history, Jews have been persecuted. The Jews were blamed for killing Jesus and the idea of anti- Semitism has been around centuries before Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. Adolf Hitler led the Nazis to power in 1933 promising to make Germany powerful and respected by the rest of the world. He promised to fight Communism, to find jobs for the six million unemployed workers in Germany, to Read MoreEssay How Successful Was Nazi Propaganda from 1933 to 1939?3993 Words   |  16 PagesHow successful was Nazi propaganda from1933 to 1939? How is Success of Propaganda Gauged? The Nazi propaganda machine is at times impressive, at times unusual, at times terrifying. ...Everything is propaganda. The Nazis understood human psychology. It was Goebbels simple realisation that, for instance in cinematic propaganda, there was a need for the viewer to be entertained. Otherwise, there would be no interest in watching at all. This is simply a single instance of the successfulnessRead MoreMain Aspects of the Holocaust Essay8177 Words   |  33 PagesMain Aspects of the Holocaust This project looks back at many of the main aspects of the Holocaust. On most topics I have focused in on one particular event or place (like Auschwitz for the camps or Kristallnacht for the Nazi rise). I did this as I think the Holocaust has to be looked upon on a more personal and individual level to see how bad it was and you cant really do this by simply over viewing a certain topic. I have chosen to cover the main bog standard areasRead MoreHow Successful Was Nazi Propaganda in the Period 1933-39?4453 Words   |  18 PagesSuccess of Propaganda Gauged?/b brThe Nazi propaganda machine is at times impressive, at times unusual, at times terrifying. br br...Everything is propaganda. br brThe Nazis understood human psychology. It was Goebbels simple realisation that, for instance in cinematic propaganda, there was a need for the viewer to be entertained. Otherwise, there would be no interest in watching at all. This is simply a single instance of the successfulness of Nazi propaganda. Goebbels realised this andRead MoreHistory Grade 10 Exam Review6476 Words   |  26 Pages * Independence of Canada in foreign policies * Richard Bennett: 1930- 1935 * Conservative * Create Bank of Canada, 1934 * Canadian Wheat Board, 1935 * Unemployment Benefits, 1935 * Maurice Duplessis: 1936- 1939, 1944- 1959. * Union Nationale * Fleur- de -Lys * Dark Period in Quebecs history * William Aberhart (Premier of Alberta): 1935- 1943, (member of the legisative assembly of alberta): 1940- 1943 * Called Bible BillRead More The Emergence of Civil Rights in the 1950s Essay3596 Words   |  15 Pagessuch as Mary Ellison saw the Brown decision as ‘the avenging angel of a Gothic tragedy’ (Verney, 2000, p.45) instantly casting aside decades of injustice. However, whilst this view does, perhaps, hold some truth and therefore deserves to be examined, what this essay will hope to show is that the Brown decision can not simply be viewed as a bolt of lightening from a clear sky and was not solely responsible for the onset of the civil rights movement in the 1950s. Indeed,Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslittle significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable

The Efficacy Of Cognitive Behavior Therapy ( Cbt )

Introduction The purpose of the needs assessment is to assess the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). As an intervention approach in counseling, cognitive behavior therapy is used to assist in managing clients who are diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of the needs assessment is to pinpoint the needs for counselors to assist clients diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The population of interest is teens diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The stakeholders are teenagers and their parents. Goal of the Needs Assessment The guiding question that needs to be assessed is â€Å"What is the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) in tends diagnosed with PTSD?†, â€Å"Is this intervention safe and effective for the teen population?†, Are there any potential prevention techniques for PTSD?†. The first goal is to develop ways teens who have PTSD can utilize the effectiveness of CBT. The first data point I would suggest is to gather qualitative data from focus groups on strategies parents can provide on supportive needs for teens diagnosed with this PTSD. Secondly, is to determine the teen’s level of comfort by obtaining quantitative data with the use of a questionnaire. Lastly, taking advantage quantitative method with the use an of self-report inventory to determine PTSD symptoms increased or decreased. This will determine whether there is a need for teenagers to attend weekly counseling sessions. The secondShow MoreRelatedCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1447 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Djiedjorm Doe (Dede) Middlesex Community College Cognitive behavioral therapy, commonly known as CBT, is a systematic process by which we learn to change our negative thought into more positive ones. CBT is a combination of two types of therapy, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. cognition is our thought, so cognitive behavioral therapy combines working with our thought process and changing our behavior at the same time. Cognitive behavioral therapistsRead MoreAlbert Banduras Theory Of Social Learning Theory1461 Words   |  6 Pagesis considered the developer of social learning theory, which is also known as social cognitive theory (Corey, 2013; Feist et al., 2013; Thoma et al., 2015). Badura’s theory, while based upon the principles of behaviorism, departs from the traditional behavioral model and leaves room for the exploration of unobservable mental states and their influence on behavior (Corey, 2013; Thoma et al., 2015). Social Cognitive theory bases its theory of learning on two types of learning processes: o bservationalRead MoreAnxiety Disorders And Social Anxiety Disorder1384 Words   |  6 Pagestreatments such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Psychoanalysis are effective in the treatment of SAD. However, there is a lack of studies that show the long term effects of short term CBT treatments in, specifically later in adulthood. The purpose of this study is to compare the long term effects of Individual Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Psychodynamic Psychoanalysis in treating social anxiety disorder among adolescents. The antecedence to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy began with AlbertRead More Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 962 Words   |  4 Pagesdecreasing nightmares related to the trauma) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which is the most effective treatment for PTSD. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), â€Å" Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a form of psychotherapy designed to help a person develop a more adaptive response to a fear† (NIMH-CBT). CBT is essentially a combination of two therapies, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. Cognitive therapy focuses on the person’s thoughts and beliefs andRead MoreTrauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1720 Words   |  7 Pagesstress symptoms (Cohen, Mannarino Iyengar, 2011). Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) is basically a conjoint parent and child psychotherapy approach for kids and teenagers who are undergoing significant behavioral and emotional difficulties pertaining to traumatic life events (Jensen et al., 2014). In essence, it is a components-based treatment model incorporating trauma-sensitive interventions with family, cognitive behavioral, as well as humanistic techniques and principles. ParentsRead MoreCognitive Behavioral Therapy ( Cbt ) And A Family Systems Approach1242 Words   |  5 PagesMental health professionals recognize that Family Systems Therapy (FT) and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) have had successes as a treatment methodology for individuals who develop eating disorders (Jones, Volker, Lock, Taylor, and Jacobi, 2012; Park, Waller, and Gannon, 2013). In this paper, I compare and contrast an individual approach involving cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and a family systems approach. Definitions and de scriptions of studies involving both approaches will be providedRead MorePsychoanalytical Theory and Cognitive Behavior Theory1567 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Header: JOURNAL REVIEW Journal Review: An assessment of contemporary studies to Psychoanalytical theory and Cognitive Behavior theory. Abstract Psychoanalytical theory and cognitive behavior theory (CBT) are currently two of the most utilized psychotherapeutic modalities in Western psychology. In the current review of literature, the salience of both theories is analyzed through the evaluation of contemporary studies on the two theories. These studies focused on empirical rather than merelyRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1565 Words   |  7 Pagesupon the nature and degree of the traumatic event, the prevalence rates of PTSD in victims have been reported to approach 100%† (Kar, 2011, p.167). Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) has been used as an effective intervention to assist in regulating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Evidence-based practice, displays that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) strategy is an excellent way in decreasing the symptoms and risks that occur with post-traumatic stress disorder (Feather Ronan, 2009). The purposeRead MoreThe Most Damaging Types Of Trauma1730 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the immediate, as well as long-term aftermath of exposure to trauma, children are at risk of developing significant emotional and behavior difficulties (CWIG, 2012). The most damaging types of trauma include early physical and sexual abuse, neglect, emotional/psychological abuse, exposure to domestic violence and other forms of child maltreatment (Hoch, 2009). Research has shown that children that are exposed to these types of trauma will experience developmental delays includingRead MoreBipolar Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay5086 Words   |  21 PagesBipolar Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Key points: There were several key points described in this chapter that validated psychosocial treatments. This analysis will only focus on the discussion of the research study that focused on the efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for bipolar affective disorder. This chapter discussed a study of twenty-eight people (Cochran, 1984) who received outpatient CBT for a bipolar disorder diagnosis. The study was designed to change the

Letting Go Free Essays

There come times, in the context of love and romance, when we must learn to let go. For some of us, as described in the song, we must let go of a past romantic relationship. Maybe the relationship was not meant to be: perhaps it was hurtful to us, or perhaps it was hindering the personal or spiritual growth of one or both partners. We will write a custom essay sample on Letting Go or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case, even when there may still be feelings of passion, or attraction, or just the comfort of the familiar, we must be strong in letting go of something that is unhealthy for us. Perhaps we have no problem leaving the person behind, but we continue to harbor animosity. In this case, we need to let go of the anger: holding onto anger does not serve us – and it might even serve to create problems in our physical health or emotional well-being. †¦ In the realm of romantic relationships, some of us need to let go of unrealistic expectations. Whether we have idealized a past relationship or just read too many romance novels, some of us need to let go of the myth of the perfect lover: the fantasy of a relationship that requires no work and just brings us â€Å"happily ever after. By letting go, I am not implying â€Å"to forget† or â€Å"to ignore. † By all means, we should carry with us the happy memories and the lessons we have learned from our past relationships. However, we need to let go in the sense of releasing emotional baggage we may be carrying around with us, so that we may be open to, and present for, a new relationship. Some of us have difficulty letting go of a friend or loved one who has passed away. I have known mothers who have lost a young child who never seem to cope with this loss, emotionally: they carry it with them for years, like a dark and ominous cloud that — even on a sunny day – looms on the horizon. Children can have as hard a time losing their parents, even when the parents have lived long and full lives. Often adult children who have lost a parent before working through interpersonal issues, or before having an opportunity to say goodbye, have difficulty letting go of unresolved issues or guilt. Sometimes we may need to go for some counseling or do a ritual (some act with personal meaning) to allow us to release these emotions. Many of us have trouble letting go of old ways of viewing people who have been part of our lives for an extended period of time. They may be changing, and yet we do not let go of viewing them in the same way, and/or we try to discourage that change. We refuse to let go of the labeling, categorizing, and pre-set expectations we have of those we know, and of ourselves. This seems particularly true of many parents of teenage or young adult children. Many parents have a difficult time letting go of them as children, and allowing them to grow up. It is hard for parents to make that transition from treating their children as kids, to treating them as adults and more like friends. Many of these same parents have trouble letting go of viewing themselves, primarily, in the role of parent. For instance, some mothers are afraid to let their kids become grownups, because they are afraid to let go of their own identity as â€Å"mother. They have become so identified with that one role, that they no longer are sure who they are, outside of that role. When we refuse to let go of old ways of identifying and viewing ourselves and others, we hinder the growth and change that is occurring. There is a saying: Let Go, Let God. For most, if not all, of us, the letting go that we most need to do is a type of surrender. We need to surrender to life, itself. This means that we need to let go of our illusion that we actually can control most aspects of our lives. In many cases, rather than to fight â€Å"what is,† we need to learn to accept and to be at peace†¦ Too many of us are trying to keep a tight grip on things that are out of our control. This is like trying to grip the water flowing in a river. Put your hands into the river. If you try to get the water by grabbing it and clenching your fists, it goes right out of your hands. If you relax and open, gently cupping your hands, the water flows into your palms. By relaxing, opening, and trusting, we can hold onto more of what is precious to us. By letting go, we actually allow more of the mystery of life to come in for us. ? How to cite Letting Go, Essay examples Letting Go Free Essays Letting Go In each and every one of us, there lies a fear. There are lots of fears in this life but what we’re talking about is a fear that dwells inside of us, where mostly we do not tend to reveal it outside. That fear has the potential to eat us up slowly from the inside till it consumes our whole being. We will write a custom essay sample on Letting Go or any similar topic only for you Order Now This fear is there in each and every single human being no matter how he strong he may be both on the core and the outside. These fears are but many and differ from person to person but I choose to be specific here and that is the fear of letting go. People come and people go in our lives but what hurts the most than letting go of the one you love the most in your life, the one whom you once chose to never leave through thick and thin. People hurt us from time to time. Of course that’s Life, No doubt about it, but HURT sometime can leave wounds in our hearts where scars left never seem to fade away. There are some things that time does not seem to mend. Hard to accept but true. But here’s the funny part, No matter how or to what extent these people hurt you, yet you still love them. You still chose to be patient. One of the Laws of Nature is the ‘Limits of Tolerance’. There is a certain climax where one can bear a certain kind of pressure. When the â€Å"limit of tolerance† has been reached, the nature provides a feedback mechanism. We rise from dust, nature itself, and back to dust. These laws dwell In all of us. That’s when we choose to stay away and give up every virtue of love. Yes. Maybe we’ve had our closures with them. Maybe we’ve given a good ending. But the worst comes into the picture when we still think of changing the past. Still wishing sometimes you were a better person, a stronger person to bear hurtful things that the one you love does. Wishing you had done things differently. Wishing â€Å"had they only changed† and what not. This Is when that fear, the fear of letting go grows In our hearts. It consumes our thoughts Like a fire and rages our mind. It freezes our heart cold and turns It like a stone. Here’s when we really make a real CHOICE. The choice to let go forever. To stop worrying what the consequences of our actions could be. This fear is, In fact, against the attitude of love (which always bears and stays). Life Is governed by choices and the choice to let go of someone Is the hardest In life. It questions the attitude of love as In ‘Yes I would bear, but even If I did, would It be worth It? † This question Is, again hard to accept, but a fear of letting go. But Life never gives us many choices and the beauty of this fear Is that the questions that It puts In our mind are only answered sometimes by gluing Into the fear Itself and choosing to let go because sometimes that Is the only way we can find out. Kampuchea Deletion By Kampuchea mechanism. We rise from dust, nature itself, and back to dust. These laws dwell in all Maybe we’ve had our closures with them. Maybe we’ve given a good ending. But the only changed† and what not. This is when that fear, the fear of letting go grows in our hearts. It consumes our thoughts like a fire and rages our mind. It freezes our heart cold and turns it like a stone. Here’s when we really make a real CHOICE. The choice This fear is, in fact, against the attitude of love (which always bears and stays). Life is governed by choices and the choice to let go of someone is the hardest in life. It questions the attitude of love as in miss I would bear, but even if I did, would it be worth it? † This question is, again hard to accept, but a fear of letting go. But Life never gives us many choices and the beauty of this fear is that the questions that it puts in our mind are only answered sometimes by giving into the fear itself and choosing to let go because sometimes that is the only way we can find out. – Kampuchea Dingdong How to cite Letting Go, Papers

Critical Path Method free essay sample

CPM Critical Path Method In 1957, DuPont developed a project management method designed to address the challenge of shutting down chemical plants for maintenance and then restarting the plants once the maintenance had been completed. Given the complexity of the process, they developed the Critical Path Method (CPM) for managing such projects. CPM provides the following benefits: Provides a graphical view of the project. Predicts the time required to complete the project. Shows which activities are critical to maintaining the schedule and which are not. CPM models the activities and events of a project as a network. Activities are depicted as nodes on the network and events that signify the beginning or ending of activities are depicted as arcs or lines between the nodes. The following is an example of a CPM network diagram: CPM Diagram [pic] Steps in CPM Project Planning Specify the individual activities. Determine the sequence of those activities. Draw a network diagram. Estimate the completion time for each activity. Identify the critical path (longest path through the network) Update the CPM diagram as the project progresses. . Specify the Individual Activities From the work breakdown structure, a listing can be made of all the activities in the project. This listing can be used as the basis for adding sequence and duration 2. Determine the Sequence of the Activities Some activities are dependent on the completion of others. A listing of the immediate predecessors of each activity is useful for constructing the CPM network diagram. 3. Draw the Network Diagram Once the activities and their sequencing have been defined, the CPM diagram can be drawn. CPM originally was developed as an activity on node (AON) network, but some roject planners prefer to specify the activities on the arcs. 4. Estimate Activity Times Weeks are a commonly used unit of time for activity completion, but any consistent unit of time can be used. A distinguishing feature of PERT is its ability to deal with uncertainty in activity completion times. For each activity, the model usually includes three time estimates: Optimistic time generally the shortest time in which the activity can be completed. It is common practice to specify optimistic times to be three standard deviations from the mean so that there is approximately a 1% chance that the activity will be ompleted within the optimistic time. Most likely time the completion time having the highest probability. Note that this time is different from the expected time. Pessimistic time the longest time that an activity might require. Three standard deviations from the mean is commonly used for the pessimistic time. PERT assumes a beta probability distribution for the time estimates. For a beta distribution, the expected time for each activity can be approximated using the following weighted average: Expected time = ( Optimistic + 4 x Most likely + Pessimistic ) / 6 This expected time may be displayed on the network diagram. To calculate the variance for each activity completion time, if three standard deviation times were selected for the optimistic and pessimistic times, then there are six standard deviations between them, so the variance is given by: [ ( Pessimistic Optimistic ) / 6 The critical path is the longest-duration path through the network. The significance of the critical path is that the activities that lie on it cannot be delayed without delaying the project. Because of its impact on the entire project, critical path analysis is an mportant aspect of project planning. The critical path can be identified by determining the following four parameters for each activity: ES earliest start time: the earliest time at which the activity can start given that its precedent activities must be completed first. EF earliest finish time, equal to the earliest start time for the activity plus the time required to complete the activity. LF latest finish time: the latest time at which the activity can be completed without delaying the project. LS latest start time, equal to the latest finish time minus the time required to complete the activity. The slack time for an activity is the time between its earliest and latest start time, or between its earliest and latest finish time. Slack is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed past its earliest start or earliest finish without delaying the project. The critical path is the path through the project network in which none of the activities have slack, that is, the path for which ES=LS and EF=LF for all activities in the path. A delay in the critical path delays the project. Similarly, to accelerate the project it is necessary to reduce the total time required for the activities in the critical path. 6. Update CPM Diagram As the project progresses, the actual task completion times will be known and the network diagram can be updated to include this information. A new critical path may emerge, and structural changes may be made in the network if project requirements change. CPM Limitations CPM was developed for complex but fairly routine projects with minimal uncertainty in the project completion times. For less routine projects there is more uncertainty in the completion times, and this uncertainty limits the usefulness of the deterministic CPM model. An alternative to CPM is the PERT project planning model, which allows

Agriculture and Development †Biology Essay

Agriculture and Development – Biology Essay Free Online Research Papers Agriculture and Development Biology Essay Agriculture is in many parts of the world the main source of food and income of households. The role that agriculture plays in development has been debated during the last decades and the views about it are very diverse. Today, many authors consider agriculture as an essential factor for development and an important instrument for poverty alleviation. In my opinion access to land and water is an indispensable condition to ensure the livelihood of the poor. The current market conditions and the economic liberalisation process make it difficult for small farmers to compete with the international sphere, which led many people to move out of agriculture. Also, the market-driven economy has serious environmental consequences, which leads to the investment in the research of more sustainable agriculture methods. The question is if poor farmers will be able to acquire the new technologies and to adapt themselves to the new market conditions. In this essay larger participation of the rural poor, particularly of women, in the research of new agriculture technologies appears as a necessary condition for development. The case of Ghana is chosen in this essay to provide examples of how the main learning points of Chris Garforth’s presentation can be applied to real situations in the developing world. 1. Different views about Agriculture and Development. The theory about the role of agriculture in development presents currently different versions, as it was seen in Chris Garforth’s POD presentation. For some authors agriculture is a provider of raw material for the rest of the economic sectors and it is seen as a mere contributor to fuel economic development. This simplistic vision contrast with that of those who see agriculture as a essential instrument for industrialisation, allowing the transfer of capital to urban areas, stimulating the market and, thus, resulting in economic development. According to Norton (2004), most of economic theories of the last 50 years support industrialisation as the basis of economic development. Many governments supporting this theory saw liberalisation of agricultural goods as the key for economic growth, without taking into account the effect of dependency that the new system would create. Imports from foreign countries and long-term subsides, which stopped the development of some industrial sectors, created in developing countries strong links of dependency on others more powerful countries. Norton (2004) presents the case of Argentina as an example of this, whose imports substitution become one of the main important reason for the economic crisis that it is suffering today. One of the hottest topics related to the study of the agriculture’s role in development is if agriculture growth contributes or not to poverty reduction. Doward (2004) stresses two different views between those who think that it is necessary to find new alternative routes to poverty alleviation, due to the risks and constraints associated to agriculture, and those who think that agriculture should play a crucial role in economic growth and poverty reduction. For Kydd (2002) smallholder agriculture has a strategic importance, even though if economic development will result in a decline of the agriculture GDP and employment. In other words, when economic development occurs and poverty is reduced a decline of the agricultural sector can be seen, especially reflected through a fall in the labour. In Ghana for example, one of the main problems of agriculture is labour shortages, that have been exacerbated in the past few years by the migration of people trying to overcome poverty by moving out from agriculture (Duncan and Howell, 1992). The current literature about agriculture and development considers agriculture as an essential mean of poverty alleviation in the Third World, where about 720 millions of poor people live in rural areas (World Bank, in Norton, 2004). Norton (2004) argues that agriculture policies are important for governments since agriculture is the main source of food and income for many households in developing countries while also being connected with other sectors of the economy. The government of Ghana for example, within its development program ‘Vision 2020’, considers agriculture as the basis for rural development and poverty alleviation. Its Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) recognises the importance that some crops, like cassava, have currently for the livelihood of smallholder farmers and calls for the identification of the most agricultural deprived areas, especially in Northern Ghana, to receive priority for resources allocation and development (FAO, 2004). In spite of it, and according to the IFAD (2001), the development assistance to agriculture has declined from 20 percent in the late 80s to 12 percent in the early 2000s. This, also, had negative consequences on the research of new agricultural techniques for development and poverty alleviation. This situation has been worsened by the present global trade relations and by the market-driven agricultural research. 2. The effects of the market on rural agriculture. The case of Ghana. The global economy and liberalisation has deep effects on agriculture, and especially on the economy of smallholders farmers in the Third World. New market arrangements have brought opportunities for some farmers, but also had negative impact on others, who can not compete with the low prices established by a liberalised trade. An example of this is the case of Ghana, which as many countries in Africa, suffered from a strong economic crisis during the 80s. The new international terms of trade and the increase of the world interest rates, together with internal causes (such as one of the worst drought periods of its history and political mismanagement) led to disastrous consequences on its agriculture. Ghana used to produce 37 percent of the world cocoa, which enormously decreased due to the imposition of high tax and to the fall of the cocoa world prices. This reduced the exports earning, which had strong effects on public expenditure and on investment in new infrastructures. The mos t affected by the crisis were small cocoa producers, who could not compete with the prices established by the international market (Duncan and Howell, 1992). Poor farmers not only have to compete with risks associated to natural phenomena (as drought, floods, etc.), but also with the high transaction costs derived from liberalisation which make them more vulnerable in the economic context (Omano and Farrington, 2004). International market arrangements greatly influence the rural poor livelihoods as it establishes the rules that may not allow them to play in the market. These rules are designed to benefit exclusively large commercial farmers, instead of rural smallholders farmers who have experienced a reduction in their incomes. Food prices are intimately connected to the world market in areas where the poor live. 3. Agriculture research for development. Smallholder farmers produce food which will be consumed by the poor, so rural agriculture is a key for the livelihoods of the majority of the world’s poorest people (Kydd, 2002). Therefore, agriculture is a central question of development and it needs the adoption of convenient technologies for the different rural population’s needs. The idea is that smallholder farmers will be able to increase their capacities to improve their living standard through their own efforts. Thus, rather than addressing the symptoms should be better to address the causes of poverty through the application of more appropriate agriculture methods to rural farmers. The commercialisation of agriculture has also led to a set of agriculture practices completely different from those of the last century. These changes are basically imposed by the new market demands and by the producers’ attempts to answer it. The new agricultural patterns involved a change in the research methods carried out by private organisations searching for more efficient production practices. In this context, advances in biothecnology in the last decades have focused on profitable markets, especially orientated to large commercial agriculture. According to Norton, (2004), irrigation alone cannot be the only basis to supply food to an increasing world population. Important advances have been made in GMO as a new alternative to food production in order to feed future generations. But the questions is to which extent GMO technologies developed for large farmers will be adopted by small farmers at low cost (Kydd, 2002). Poor farmers in the developing world have been offered little possibilities to adopt new technologies on time because they did not have the right market conditions. This is the reason why in the last years most rural farmers did not enjoy the benefits of the advances in agricultural technology. This situation has led to think about new systems more relevant to smallholder farmers and guided by their demands. The present trend is that farmers and researchers work together in the development of new agriculture technologies. Norton (2004) calls it as â€Å"participatory technology development†, where the farmers acquire the control and play a crucial role on agricultural development. Like in the years before industrialisation, small farmers have again in his hands the tools for technological change in agriculture, although this new participatory process is still in its development stage. In Ghana some programs – such as the Agriculture Services Sector Investment Programme (AGSSIP) are designed to empower and strengthen grassroots organisations, such as co-operatives and farmer groups, in order to provide better services to their members and to facilitate technology adoption, by improving access to inputs and facilitating marketing. The objective of AGSSIP is that rural people earn their own livelihoods through agriculture as a way of poverty alleviation (FAO, 2004). 4. Gender considerations. Due to the essential role that women are playing today on the economy of the household in developing countries, agriculture development research cannot ignore gender issues when designing new programs. Women in many countries produce a large part of the food crops of the households and they are essential for the family’s food security (IFAD, 2001). In the case of South of Ghana for example, with the advance of commercial farming, particularly of cocoa, the production of food crop became women’s sole responsibility, which was seen before as an exclusive men’s task. Also, with the migration of men, the number of household headed by women increased. By contrast, in the North where crop farming possibilities were more limited and most of families were influenced by the Islam culture, the role of women remained confined to household tasks (Duncan and Howell, 1991). Development workers in the last decades used to consult only male farmers in their development research, leaving a gap in the research programs as they did not take into consideration women’s knowledge, in spite of their contribution on agriculture. However, today it is said that poverty alleviation and hunger will significantly depend on the extent to which women have access to natural resources (land and water) and to the decision-making process (Norton, 2004). 5. Land and water management. Sustainable Agriculture. The access to land and water has been a historical source of conflicts. For the rural poor the access to these natural resources have been key for their subsistence and still it is in many areas of the developing world. In a global social context with a growing population, new systems to improve the access to arable land and pure water are continuously being studied. According to Norton (2004), about 2.4 billion people depend on irrigated agriculture for jobs, food and income. In the past, water was used as an infinite resource, but today the main aquifers in the world are being over-exploited putting in danger the livelihoods of millions of people. Many irrigation programs have not being efficient and in some cases have contributed to the depletion of the water resources and the degradation of some systems. Today the water development efforts are focused on three areas: efficiency, equity and sustainability. Involving farmers in the design of water management policies become a necessary requisite for successful development (Norton, 2004). Land tenure is another key factor for the wellbeing of the rural household, especially since –according to the World Bank (World Development Report 1998-99, Chris Garforth’s POD Outline for Session 3)- the world’s percentages of arable land per head is currently falling. The extent to which an individual or family can access to land will determine their living standard. People who have access to land have more opportunities for sustainable livelihoods, so in this context, customary forms of holding and managing land strongly influence policy. An efficient land management would obtain maximum productivity of land while respecting the traditional and ecologically sound indigenous knowledge about land management, pest and diseases. In the last few decades, land management has not been sustainable due to the attempts to increase production at expense of the environment. Intensive agriculture compromises the interests of future generations in many ways: polluting soil, water and atmosphere, salinity and irrigation, loss of biodiversity and putting in danger people’s health trough the abuse of fertilisers and pesticides (Shepherd, 1998). Although the use of pesticides has a minimal impact on people from developed countries, it emerges as a problem in developing nations, where its consumption is at low levels but highly concentrated. Children are particularly sensitive to the use of toxic products. According to Norton, (2004) there are 10.000 deaths per year related to use of pesticides. Due to this situation, research in agriculture are focused in developing new ways of feeding the world without damaging the environment and people’s health. The recommendations about more sustainable practices reject the use of industrial production methods, the involvement of farmers in the research and the incorporation of active resource conservation methods (Sepherd, 1998). But the reality is that still the global market arrangements represent important constraints to sustainable agriculture. Even when have been attempts toward more ecological practices, such as organic farms, the question is whether rural people will be able to adopt new methods to compete in the market. It will need the provision of subsidies to the rural smallholders, and particularly in those areas where the use of fertilisers is very high. Also, it will be necessary to transfer to the poor knowledge and infrastructure, and providing them with the right conditions in the market (Shepherd, 1998). Conclusion. Agriculture is still the main source of income of many rural areas in the Third World, so it should be the centre of programs for development. The extent to people have access to land and water sources will determine the wellbeing of rural families. Agriculture, therefore is still an essential factor to poverty alleviation and development. When a country can be self-reliant in its own raw materials for export and industrialisation it is ensured part of its own development. The dependency links that developing countries have with more powerful nations, since their colonial era, it is one of the deep-rooted causes of its underdevelopment. The current international market arrangements and the liberalisation process have a strong impact on the rural farmer. They cannot compete with the cheap prices imposed by large commercial farmers. New alternatives for the poor, like fair-trade, should be supported by national governments and international organisations, as WTO and the IMF. Prices of production should be real according to the production cost for small farmers. The new advances in technologies for sustainable agriculture will not be effective if they cannot be adopted by rural farmers in the Third World. Its adoption requires to provide them with the right market conditions, knowledge and infrastructures, otherwise rural people will keep exploiting in unsustainable ways the local natural resources, as the only way of survival. Sustainable agriculture only will be possible if it takes into account rural farmers’ knowledge about land management. Therefore, their participation is a necessary requisite in the research of new agriculture technologies. Moreover, women’s role in agriculture is an essential factor which has to be taken into consideration when designing new development programs for agriculture development. References. Bibliography. Duncan, A. Howell, J. (1992). Structural Adjustment and the African Farmer. London and Portsmouth: ODI, James Currey Ltd. Heinemann Educational Books, Inc. Garforth, C. (2004). POD Outline for Session 3: Agriculture, Economic Growth and Rural Development. Perspective on Development. International and Rural Development Department. Reading University. Norton, R. D. (2004). Agricultural Development Policy. Concepts and Experiences. Chichester: FAO John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Sepherd, A. (1998). Sustainable Rural Development. London New York: MacMillann Press Ltd. St. Martin’s Press, Inc. Webs. Doward, A. (2004). Agricultural growth, poverty and institutions: rethinking policy. id21.org/society/s5cad1g1.html (Viewed in April 2004) FAO (2004). Ghana. Case Study. fao.org/waicent/portal/outreach/livelihoods/en/ghana-en.html (Viewed in April 2004) IFAD (2001). Rural Poverty Report 2001: The Challenge of Ending Rural Poverty. ifad.org/poverty/index.htm (Viewed in April 2004) Kydd, J. (2002). ODI. Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods: Is Globalisation opening or blocking path out or Rural Poverty? Network Paper No. 121. odi.org/uk/agreu/papers/agrenpaper/121.pdf (Viewed in April 2004) Omano, S. W. Farrington, J. (2004). ODI. Policy Research and African Agriculture: Time for a Dose of Reality? No. 90. http//:www.odi.org.uk/nrp/90.pdf (Viewed in April 2004) Research Papers on Agriculture and Development - Biology EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andGenetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfTwilight of the UAW

Answers to Questions About Hyphens in References to Age

Answers to Questions About Hyphens in References to Age Answers to Questions About Hyphens in References to Age Answers to Questions About Hyphens in References to Age By Mark Nichol The rules about references to age, and the proper use of hyphens in such references, are simple yet easily misunderstood. Here are a few explanations in response to readers’ questions about the topic. 1. Could you help me understand the correct way to write ages? For example, â€Å"My three-year-old was too young for the movie† is hyphenated, while â€Å"He is three years old† is not, or at least I dont think it is. Your examples are correct: Hyphenate â€Å"three-year-old† and similar phrases only when they serve as phrasal adjectives describing someone or something (or when, as in the case of the first example above, the someone or something of that age is implied). The simple phrase â€Å"three years old† merits no hyphenation, because it isn’t being combined to modify anything. Unfortunately, many people are confused by this distinction, so the phrase is often hyphenated incorrectly, and the frequently seen error perpetuates the confusion. 2. In your sentence â€Å"Write ‘fifty years old,’ for example, rather than ‘aged fifty years,’† the phrase should read â€Å"fifty years-old,† shouldnt it? â€Å"Fifty years old† should be styled just like that, as explained in the previous response; in reference to a fifty-year-old, hyphenate as shown whether what is fifty years old is explicit or implicit. Never hyphenate years and old while leaving the preceding number detached, and never hyphenate fifty and year without also including old in the hyphenated string of words; â€Å"fifty-year old man† refers to an old man who is fifty years, which is nonsensical. The only case in which years and old would be hyphenated is in a sentence such as â€Å"It’s a years-old tradition† a reference to a tradition that is (many) years old. 3. â€Å"When a doctor was dictating a report, he said, ‘This is an approximately 40 50 year old woman . . . .’ It’s my job as a transcriptionist to make the doctor look good; I don’t just type verbatim. So I put, ‘This is an approximately 40- to 50-year-old woman . . . .’ ‘This is a 40-50-year-old woman . . .’ looks awful and confusing, even though that is actually what the doctor said. I could also have written, ‘This is a woman who is approximately 40 or 50 years old . . . .’† Both of your solutions are elegant. If, however, you were required to transcribe verbatim and I think doing so would be necessary only in a legal context the solution would be, â€Å"This is an approximately 40-, 50-year-old woman.† The comma indicates a pause for expansion or self-correction. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Wether, Weather, Whether50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and FingersWoof or Weft?

Teacher Collaboration and Academic Achievement Research Paper

Teacher Collaboration and Academic Achievement - Research Paper Example The emergence of PLCs could be traced to different scholars: DuFour and Eacker, Joyce and Showers (2002), Lieberman (1999), and Senge, et.al. (2000), whose works focus on learning organizations, learning communities, through methods, tools and structures that aim to improve schools in contemporary societies (PLCs: Brief history, n.d.).  The contentions of DuFour (1998) focus on identification of characteristics of PLCs, to wit: â€Å"1) shared mission, vision, and values, 2) collective inquiry, 3) collaborative teams, 4) action orientation and experimentation, 5) continuous improvement, and a 6) results orientation† (PLCs: Brief history, n.d., 1). Related research by Lieberman (1999) indicates, ‘ the concept of professional community is one of the most powerful ideas affecting research and practice in staff development in the last decade.† Lieberman relates to professional learning communities in terms of networks† (ibid.)  However, Rose (2008) clearly in dicates that â€Å"although there is widespread use of terms (professional learning communities or professional learning teams) and concepts, these mean different things to different audiences. There is no consistent definition† (Rose, 2008, 11). This statement was validated in another research conducted by Kilpatrick, Barret and Jones (n.d.) who averred that â€Å"the term learning communities as this statement is revealed, the current literature review hereby sought to gather definitions of PLC and determine.... (2000), whose works focus on learning organizations, learning communities, through methods, tools and structures that aim to improve schools in contemporary societies (PLCs: Brief history, n.d.). The contentions of DuFour (1998) focus on identification of characteristics of PLCs, to wit: â€Å"1) shared mission, vision, and values, 2) collective inquiry, 3) collaborative teams, 4) action orientation and experimentation, 5) continuous improvement, and a 6) results orientation† (PLCs: Brief history, n.d., 1). Related research by Lieberman (1999) indicates, ‘ the concept of professional community is one of the most powerful ideas affecting research and practice in staff development in the last decade.† Lieberman relates to professional learning communities in terms of networks† (ibid.) However, Rose (2008) clearly indicates that â€Å"although there is widespread use of terms (professional learning communities or professional learning teams) and concepts, these mean different things to different audiences. There is no consistent definition† (Rose, 2008, 11). This statement was validated in another research conducted by Kilpatrick, Barret and Jones (n.d.) who averred that â€Å"the term learning communities is used variously within the literature, often without explicit definition† (Kilpatrick, et.al, n.d, 3). Insofar as this statement is revealed, the current literature review hereby sought to gather definitions of PLC and determine any ambiguity in content: Reichstetter (2006) defines PLC as â€Å"made up of team members who regularly collaborate toward continued improvement in meeting learner needs through a shared curricular-focused vision†. Richard DuFour

Take two states and compare their juvenile justice systems Research Paper

Take two states and compare their juvenile justice systems - Research Paper Example When they enter the system it’s a totally new ballgame for them. They come in proximity of those adults who have already committed crime. This can exert a negative effect on the young. Juvenile justice system has also criticized on the grounds of less interactive, lack of respect for the defaulter, lack of inputs which could persuade or give a fair chance to the defaulter to correct his or her fault encouraging them to take a right course of action (Glass, 2012, pp. 1-5). Juvenile justice, as mentioned, varies from state to state and each state has its own jurisdiction for such system. It has been said by the authors that the juvenile justice system in California is not racially neutral. This was one of the worst drawbacks which the California juvenile justice system suffered. The decision points suffered from the effect of race. The authors emphasized that, â€Å"Minority youth are more likely than the majority youth to become involved in the system†. There were severa l issues that needed to be directed based on this system. In comparison with the adult criminal justice, the juvenile justice lacked supervision and review. On the contrary it had also been found that in the juvenile justice system there had been cases which witnessed no disparity amongst the young defaulter. But when inequalities prevailed it involved either large differentiation at some point of stage in the system or else followed a sequence of accumulations of comparatively minor divergences in processing with a moderately hefty net effect. Moreover the system prevailed in California was volatile in nature which allowed the disparity in the system. The system lacked an analytical model which desirably would simplify the problems existed within the system (Pope & William, July 1995, pp. 1-15). However in the light of the above mentioned critic, the juvenile justice system in California was subjected to some recommendation which, if implemented, would help it to become a system wi th more fluidity. It lacked a systematic monitoring which if developed would facilitate the processing at each stage of the juvenile justice. Introduction of research program was suggested. Consideration in training and development of the staffs of the system was highly suggested which would make improvement in dealing with minor offenders. Critical examination at local stages, if implemented, would lower the gap between the minority and majority youth. Restructuring of laws in the juvenile justice was advised where problems of inequalities prevailed. Workshop for the youth psychoanalysis might help them to come out of mental disorder if any. The jurisdiction itself was suggested to be strengthened enough to carefully evaluate the decision making at every stage and should make a note of the thing that their dealings were with the minors with an derailed mindset, but not with the criminals (Pope & William, July 1995, pp. 19-20). In this contrast author Muncie, 2008, said, â€Å"Juve nile justice systems throughout America now give greater weight to punishment as an end in itself† (Muncie, 2008, pp. 3). A comparative analysis can be done by comparing the juvenile justice laws prevailing in Florida. In contrast with California juvenile justice law the Florida law was less flexible and followed extreme consequences. In many cases it was noted that the victims were tried in adult court and received imprisonment for life. The psychoanalysis part was not at all strengthened in the Florida law, rather

Forensic Accounting Review Questions (Easy) Essay

Forensic Accounting Review Questions (Easy) - Essay Example Either the management or the accounting team are the most prone to engaging in these acts. Lack of business ethics and personal morals are the breeding grounds for these fraudulent activities. It has been clear that individuals engage in fraudulent activities because of diverse motivations and stimulations. When it comes to revenue fraud, the likelihood is for the company to overstate and understate various parameters, we found that this is done by manipulating the sales, recognition of conditional sales, sale of consignments, misstatement of the percentage of completion, abusing of the cut off dates, unauthorized shipment and premature recognition of revenue. Concerning the same issue of revenue, the collusion by the fraudsters can result to situations such as understatement of bad debts, overstatement of ending inventories, overstatement of the assets’ worth, and understatement of the liabilities among other dubious means. All these aspects are under the motivation of the ne ed to cover up mistakes or misrepresentation of the financial position of the company. The knowledge acquired is very helpful to my future employer and me as an individual. In the workplace, we have diversity of people, some of whom can manipulate situations to their advantage. It is important to aware of what is ethical in the workplace in order to avoid being trapped on such situations. Sometimes the management may coerce an employee to engage in a fraudulent activity, without such knowledge one is likely to commit fraud unknowingly. Another thing is that lessons learnt stirred my curiosity in understanding business law; it has prompted me to start engaging this area since it can easily result to personal and organizational damages. In addition, it has opened my mind to the understanding business of dynamics, including the manipulations that are likely to be made in order to misrepresent information for a particular organization. The group was very influential in the understanding of the topic. I participated in the group activity by handling the section that I was assigned to research on and went ahead to help in the report writing. The group members were very cooperative hence facilitating timely achievement of results. I also presented a fraudulent case scenario that enhanced the understanding of the topic. The case had featured in one of the local dailies; it helped us relate very well what we learnt in class. Each member of the group completed the task assigned to them on time hence the ability of the group to finish the project on time. Despite the many lessons learnt some of the topic areas were challenging and presented some level of difficult. During the lecture sessions I found difficult in understanding the legal provisions of that are related to fraudulent activities. However, after extensive and repetitive reading I was able to comprehend the sub-topic. Question 2 Fraudulent activities are not easily identified, it is highly unlikely that a frau dulent activity will be realized unless the parties involved leak information or some auditing system unearths it. These are the likely means through which tips come along, without which it may be impossible to recognize a fraudulent activity. I do not think a fraudulent activity is recognized in the first instance. The high level of secrecy that is involved hampers the process of

Breadtalk Enters Into Turkeys Market Economics Essay

Breadtalk Enters Into Turkeys Market Economics Essay According to Alden, et al. (1999, p.63) food and beverages are mostly viewed as a product category that is frequently consumed. As society grows demand of food increasingly raise the quantity and quality. The industrys market potential is extremely large. Seeing the needs and potential market BreadTalk Group Limited was founded and has been extremely successful in many countries. Founded as an FB operator in Singapore in 2000 and listed on the SGX in 2003, the BreadTalk Group Limited has rapidly expanded to become a distinctive household brand owner that has established its mark on the world stage with its bakery, restaurant and food atrium footprints. Currently, BreadTalk has a network of over 500 bakery outlets in 16 countries and more than 6000 employees. BreadTalk is market leader, higher economies of scale, continual and successful innovation, segment diversification, strong Franchise partnerships (Business overview, 2012). But in the next few years, challenges of BreadTalk are huge because of intense competition, market saturation, no direct control over overseas operations. Moreover the revenue of BreadTalk only two countries (Singapore and China) is the revenue drivers. Graph 1: Geographical Breakdown of Revenue Source: BreadTalk, 2011Looking at the chart we can see that China is currently one of its key markets outside of Singapore. This is not only the advantages but also potential ricks such as: depend on the China market, only invest in the China market and ignore other potential market. To maintain a competitive advantage and continue to lead the market, BreadTalk must have appropriate strategies: continues to lead the China market and seeking potential market as Turkey. In this paper, mainly focus on analyzing the environment of Turkey market in terms of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environment and Legal which is known as PESTEL to enter Turkey market. 1.2 Turkey Overview World-renowned strategist Professor Michael Porter has said that the Turkish economy has been superb improvement in competitiveness in recent years and proven its potential as a magnet for international investors. Turkey, strategically located in the Eurasia region as a gateway between Europe, Middle East and Central Asia, is a dynamic country with a robust economy and a young population, often described as the China of Europe. Turkey is the worlds 17th largest economy and a member of both the G20 and the OECD. With 73 million inhabitants, it is the second most populous nation in Europe, after Germany, generating a greater demand for product consumption. With the current potential it will be an inspiration to BreadTalk penetrated market. 2. Turkey environment analysis 2.1 The Political Environment Turkey political is element that BreadTalk couldnt control. Altogether, the general political of Turkey is stable. That is a positive factor for foreign investors and BreadTalk who intend to entry into Turkey market. Well analyze political factors to finding opportunities and challenges in Turkey. 2.1.1 Change of Government The change of government political environment in Turkey affects the business environment through the legislation and different regulations. Turkey has successfully carried out the structural reforms after the severe economic recession in 1999 2001. The reforms include market liberalization to promote foreign investment, privatization, agricultural reform, strengthen the banking system and fiscal discipline, monetary tightening policies to reduce inflation and a floating currency rates. Turkish government is creating new legislation to help the industry and different companies to grow and foreign investment to improve and make it better for Turkey as a national advantage. With the advantages of free trade and investment policy, many economists said that while the money withdrawn from the major economies, investors are pouring money into Turkey-fastest growing economy in Europe. This will create the favorable condition for BreadTalk activity in Turkey market. Because, BreadTalk will be support of government and feel safety when doing business here. 2.1.2 Corruption Corruption is one of the major factors that affect investment environment and hampers the investment attraction. In Turkish political system the existence of corruption as a pervasive, entrenched, and enduring problem has long been an open secret. These positive trends are reflected by the World Banks worldwide governance indicators, with Turkey scoring 57,9 on a 0 to 100 scale in terms of control of corruption compared to 42,9 in 2000 (World Bank, 2010a). However, despite these positive developments, other indicators suggest that the country remains confronted to challenges of rampant corruption, and weak enforcement of anti-corruption policies. Turkey performs below average in Transparency Internationals 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index, with a score of 4,2 on a 0 (highly corrupt) to 10 (highly clean) scale, indicating relatively high levels of public sector corruption (Transparency International, 2011). Turkeys Extent of corruption shows potential risks if BreadTalk entry into this market. BreadTalk can encounter excessive bureaucracy, a slow judicial system, weaknesses in corporate governance, unpredictable decisions made at the local government level, and frequent changes in the legal and regulatory environment. As such, even investors who brave the reports of corruption and attempt to establish businesses in Turkey may still find their efforts thwarted. Fortunately, Turkish politicians have been vocal about fighting corruption in recent years. In February 2010, Turkey adopted a national anti-corruption strategy 2010-2014 2.1.3 Terrorism The Republic of Turkey is one of the many countries that have been struggling with terrorism for decades. The risk of loss due to acts of political violence remains a prominent worry for investors as well as foreign firms. In Turkey the current political challenges is the series of violent terrorist attacks that have happened in the country due to Islamic extremist, Kurdish radicals, Turkish militants that may have link with Al-Qaeda. This is a disadvantage for host country and investor_ Breadtalk. An understanding of terrorism will help BreadTalk has been prepared to limit risks. 2.1.4 Relationship between Singapore and Turkey Relationship between Singapore and Turkey has been continuing unabated despite negative effects of the global economic crisis. Total trade volume between Turkey and Singapore has maintained a steady level of 1 billion USD. As of 2010, exports to Singapore reached 567.9 million USD, whereas our imports were at the level of 341.5 million USD. At present, there are 49 Singaporean companies operating in Turkey. (Relationship between Singapore and Turkey, 2011) In 2012, Turkish Deputy Prime Minister Ali Babacan visited Singapore where he met with Singapore President Tony Tan, Deputy Prime Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Minister of Foreign Affairs K. Shanmugam and Minister for Trade and Industry Lim Hng Kiang (Julia Ng, 2012). The two leaders agreed to further deepen bilateral cooperation across different sectors including trade, investments and finance. So Turkey and Singapore is now enjoying warm relation. That is a positive factor for BreadTalk who intend to go into Turkey market. To look back on political panorama of Turkey we can conclude that Turkey is one of the investors with the ratio between the risk and the most profitable in the world. In addition, the intervention of Turkey in Syria, the delay to join the European Union and the countrys corruption was also disturbing. 2.2 Economic Turkeys economic is risen from the financial crisis in 2000-2001, which became the fastest growing economy among the countries in the Organization for economic co-operation and development (OECD), the second fastest of the G20 group to grow 9% in 2010 and 8.5 percent in 2011 (CNBC/VOA, 2011). Turkey became a destination for investors. The market size and market share of BreadTalk may be affected by so many elements of the economy. In this part, well analysis factors such as GDP, recession, inflation, income and unemployment rate to finding opportunity for BreadTalk in Turkey. 2.2.1 GDP growth rate and GDP per capitalC:UsersInspironDesktopindexmundi_ex66.jpgC:UsersInspironDesktopindexmundi_ex67.jpg Graph 2: GDP per capita (PPP) (US$) Graph 3: GDP real growth rate (%) Source: CIA World Factbook, 2011 The Turkish economy has shown remarkable performance with its steady growth over the last nine years. The structural reforms, hastened by Turkeys EU accession process, have paved the way for comprehensive changes in a number of areas. The economy grew with an average annual real GDP growth rate of 5.2 percent over the past nine years between 2002 and 2011 (CIA World Factbook, 2011). Together with stable economic growth, GDP per capita in Turkey increased steadily rising from about USD 7,000 in 2000 to USD 17,000 in 2011 (CIA World Factbook, 2011). This means that the index has more than doubled in nine years. Significant improvements in such a short period of time have registered Turkey on the world economic scale as an exceptional emerging economy, the 17th largest economy in the world and the 5th largest economy when compared with the EU countries, according to GDP figures in 2011 (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2012). While many economies have been unable to recover from the recent g lobal financial recession, the Turkish economy expanded by 9.2 percent in 2010, and 8.5 percent in 2011, thus standing out as the fastest growing economy in Europe, and one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Moreover, according to the OECD, Turkey is expected to be the fastest growing economy of the OECD members during 2011-2017, with an annual average growth rate of 6.7 percent (OECD Economic Outlook No: 86, 2011). Clearly, the economic scenario of Turkey is somewhat optimistic and bright for the future if BreadTalk entry into Turkey. 2.2.2 Recession Many experts have said that is clearly facing a major crisis in the world economy, the Turkish economy is showing extraordinary performance. In commentary in The Wall Street, Turkeys economic performance was compared to that of the Asian Tigers (Etyen, 2011). Turkeys unemployment rate has decreased strongly. In other words, the Turkish economy has created jobs for the idle labor force by increasing industrial labor. Graph 4: Unemployment rate (%) Source: CIA World Factbook, 2011 The current account deficit (CAD), the only problem in the Turkish economy, has shown a tendency towards stability and will cease to be a problem when the growth rate declines. In addition, it should be noted that although the deficit is currently rising, the rate of the countrys total amount of debt as compared to gross domestic product (GDP) has declined. So even though the CAD has increased, external savings have played a role to clear the debts. Furthermore, exports grew significantly despite rising currency exchange rates. We can show that the global recession will have a limited impact on Turkey economy. However, the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages is necessary if BreadTalk penetrated the market when the global economy is difficult. Disadvantages during recession time Advantages during recession time Reduced profits due to escalating cost and declining income. The unpredictable behavior of customers also affects the sales revenue. The competition becomes fiercer. The worse is the bankruptcy and new company like BreadTalk is not an exception. Recession also includes the stock markets and property markets to fall dramatically. BreadTalk can invest when price of stock and property are low and wait until the economy goes back to the boom cycle and then the investments will be worth quite a lot more. A lot of support from the government if BreadTalk penetrated at this time. A part of the company can be creating for people. Table 1: Disadvantages and Advantages during recession time in Turkey 2.2.3 Inflation The inflation rate is also crucial for marketers to look deeper that could influence the sales volume of products and bring in profits. In the past nine years, Turkey has experienced remarkable disinflation (from an average of 70.4% in the period of 1993-2002 to single-digit rates) as well as a marked decline in the volatility of inflation. Turkeys inflation rate, measured by the consumer price index, declined from an average of 70.4% in the period of 1993-2002 to 6.4% at the end of 2010, the lowest reading in over four decades. During the course of 2011, the CPI inflation rate increased from 6.4% in December 2010 to 10.45% in December 2011. (CIA World Factbook, 2011)http://www.hazine.org.tr/en2/economy/inflation2011.gif Although, their inflation rates have decreased in Turkey but tend to rise up again. The main causes leading to a strong increase of inflation is due to the rising price of energy, commodities and food. This will affect the UK operations of BreadTalk in Turkey. For the case of BreadTalk, the leaders should consider some disadvantages below: High inflation will affect purchasing power of customers. Buyers are afraid of the price increases. Since then, the companys profit will be affected. High inflation also affects the disposable incomes of different group of people. As the price of goods keeps increasing, the living expenditure also rises. As a result, Buyers will conservative in spending and corporate profits decreased significantly. High inflation lead to management costs such as raw material costs, marketing costs and employees salary also escalate. High inflation will discourage the investment from international companies like BreadTalk. Because the Government must have the policy to cope with inflation and the willingness of government to attract foreign investment. To look back on economical panorama of Turkey we can conclude that a sound macroeconomic strategy in combination with prudent fiscal policies and major structural reforms in effect since 2002 has integrated the Turkish economy into the globalized world, become the 167th largest economy in the world and the 5th largest economy when compared with the EU countries (IMF World Economic Outlook, 2012). And when BreadTalk is setting objectives and strategy for the future in Turkey market, economic growth is a positive factor to consider. 2.3 Social Analysis social and cultural aspects of Turkey will give BreadTalk a wider view on choosing the right products, the appropriate advertisements and marketing approaches. 2.3.1 Population Turkeys social strength that the Turkish have a growing proportion of young population which the Turkish government can use to create new job by encouraging and training them up to have new skills and qualified to work in different sectors and this will be a national advantage for having a very skill-full workforce. Turkey was already one of the most populous and young people nations in Europe. C:UsersInspironDesktopindexmundi_ex21.jpg Graph 6: Age structure in Turkey Graph 7: Population growth in Turkey Source: CIA World Factbook, 2012 More than half of its population is under the age 25. The countrys population has grown from 65.7 million in 2000 to over 79.6 million in 2012. Over 2012-2020, Turkeys population is projected to expand by 8.3% , according to mid-year statistics, overtaking Germany to become the most populated nation in Western Europe (Turkeys Population Young and Rapidly Expanding, 2012). There are obvious opportunities for BreadTalk when the company entry into Turkey such as: With a market size more than 78 million people, Turkey becomes a very potential market for many global companies. And with BreadTalk, their main market in Turkey will should be Istanbul area. With its young population, food and beverage consumption and production are both increasing in Turkey Population growth rate will create a dynamic consumer market and a potential market for BreadTalk to penetrate. The young population offers a responsive workforce. 2.3.2 Culture Cultural differences may be the most important problem to developing globally accepted marketing strategies (H. Lee, et al., 2007). So, learning about cultural of life and food influence how the business strategy of BreadTalk in Turkey. The Turkish culture is very rich. It is influenced by the ancient history of Anatolia, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and Aegean culture. Today, this heritage also determines the cultural life of Turkey. The culture of tolerance for all religions and languages living together in peace, spread from Istanbul to Anatolia. This tradition of tolerance is one of the most important inheritances that Turkey can share with the world. In Business Culture, Turkish business culture is built on trust and familiarity; it is important to take the time to establish personal relationships with your Turkish contacts in order to succeed in business there. Since most Turks are devout Muslims, meetings should be scheduled around the five daily Islamic prayer times. Be sure to arrive on time, as Turks place high importance on punctuality. Business is often discussed over restaurant dinners in Turkey. In Cultural food, Turkish cuisine includes many different stews of vegetables and meat (lamb and beef primarily); borek, kebab, and dolma dishes; and a sourdough bread eaten with almost every meal. Borek is a pastry made of many thin layers of dough interspersed with cheese, spinach, and/or ground meat. Kebab is the common word for meat roasted in pieces or slices on a skewer or as meatballs on a grill. Dolma is the generic name for dishes made of vegetables (tomatoes and peppers) and leaves (grape, cabbage, and eggplant) that are stuffed with or wrapped around rice or bulgur pilaf. The Turkey has habit of eating bread. Both bread and water are considered holy. Bread is a source of energy. It is the most inexpensive source of calories needed by the human body. This would be advantageous for BreadTalk however it also means that the market has a lot of competitors. Turkish beverages include tea, coffee, ayran (buttermilk), boza (a fermented bulgur drink taken in the winter), and rakà ® (an aniseed-flavored brandy usually mixed with water). Carbonated drinks have become popular with young people, and beer gardens in major cities have become hangouts for men. The major food taboo in Turkey is pork, which is forbidden to Muslims. Cultural analysis gives an overview of social Turkey. Thereby, BreadTalk has to consider this for their marketing plan in Turkey: A highly effective way of expanding a business of BreadTalk in Turkey is through television commercials and newspaper, word of mouth The company should be aware of Islamic traditions and sensitivities With the turkey, meat and bread make an inseparable combination. Because BreadTalk should make products that fit and avoid combined with pork. If BreadTalk open system restaurants chain in Turkey is a potential because people have a habit of going to a restaurant on the weekends and business is often discussed over restaurant dinners. 2.3.3 Consumption Patterns The food industry and beverage of Turkey has received a steady growth in recent years, with the Turkish consumers becoming more demanding, driven by the multitude of choices provided by the mass grocery retail. Besides, Turkey has become one of the largest markets for its goods baked with bread a key element of the Turkish diet leading to leading to some of the highest rates of per capita consumption in the world. It provides opportunities for profitable investment BreadTalk. Turkey has traditional eating habits that remain stable in the majority of the population. Turkey is one of the largest markets, with rising incomes, packaged bread consumption presents an increase and at the same time, demand for different bread varieties, such as high-fibre and specialty artisan breads offer an opportunity for this high profit market. 2.4 Technological Technological progress has contributed to the economic development of the country and has an important factor in their competition. In the future as well, scientific and technological progress is expected to follow the destination provided by economic policies and competitive strategies. Turkey has well-developed infrastructure throughout much of the country that is capable of supporting significant development. Turkey has made many reforms to its infrastructure sector. Besides, the development of the internet is also seen as an effective factor in the business environment of BreadTalk. The number of Internet users has been rising rapidly in Turkey and standing at 15th place around the world, according to CIA, the World Factbook (2011) Graph 8: Internet users in TurkeyC:UsersInspironDesktopindexmundi_ex118.jpg Source: CIA World Factbook, 2011 The development of the Internet in the social life of the Turkey will support BreadTalk greatly: Internet will become a tool to promote the brand, and an introduction to the business. This will help save advertising costs. BreadTalk can take this as a distribution channel in the form of online business with customers buying large quantities 2.5 Environmental One of the environmental strengths in Turkeys is the prosperous biodiversity they have. Turkey has a very affluent natural resource base and has ranked ninth on biodiversity in the European countries. Examples of the type of biodiversity they have are not only a range of wild species but important domestic species such as wheat, lentils, chickpeas, pears, apple, chestnut and pistachios. The biodiversity has a very great potential for the development for Turkey and this is an advantage for BreadTalk because it will provide abundant and cheap raw materials. However, challenges of the current environmental in Turkey are the high pollution levels and need protect. 2.5.1 Pollution Turkeys economic development has brought with it fears of increased environmental degradation. Graph 9: 2010 Pollution Indexes in Turkey Source: http://www.clrsearch.com, 2010 The chart shows that the level of pollution of Turkey is alarming. Most of the air pollution is caused by household heating, traffic, industrial sites, the discharge of pollutants by neighboring countries has contaminated the Black Sea So, today government of Turkey has many activities to protect the environment as environmental Pollution Fines. BreadTalk should know the environment situation of Turkey to not be infringed. In addition, the company should also be the same with the government to protect environment to build brand image with the consumers. 2.5.2 Environmental protection Environment protection is very critical right now in Turkey. Business has to strictly follow the rule that imposed by host country government. However, there are also some other motives for BreadTalk when entering Turkey to environment protection such as: BreadTalk will also carry out some program for going green in their Turkey stores such as reduce paper using, switch off the light, limited plastic bags and encourage the staff to use public transportation. This brings beautiful images for BreadTalk in the minds of employees, customers and government. Environment protection achieve comparative advantage terms of cost saving, offering more benefits to consumers and being friendly with the environment. BreadTalk could take advantage of environment protection campaign and attend some environmental awards of the government to keep in touch with them. This will help company dealing with governmental issues. Environment protection as a way of branding to make BreadTalk familiar and deep in mind of customers 2.6 Legal 2.6.1 Law The legal strengths in Turkeys is the comprehensive legal structure they have. The judicial system is made up of general courts which deal with domestic cases, heavy penal courts which deal with more serious case, military courts which will deal with the military cases and the Constitutional Court which is the highest level of courts that will deal with many different cases which is essential in the Turkish government such as war crimes. This is an advantage for BreadTalk as this shows that the Turkish government are strict on the law and will enforce the law if need be, it will allow the company to have a fair trial. Another legal advantage in Turkey would be the robust framework for the business entities, as the company who are looking to invest into Turkey will not need to go through a very long and lengthy business registration process as there is a freedom to start, operate and close a business by the Turkish regulatory environment. so for example in Turkey, it will take on average 6 day to starting up a business compared to 43 days in the other world countries which is a much longer time and could be beneficial for the type of market the company is involved with. This is advantage for BreadTalk when company entry into Turkey because BreadTalk will not lose many time. BreadTalk is food and beverages company because the company pay attention to the Food Safety regulation. The HACCP quality assurance system was introduced in 1995 in Turkey and since 2008 according to the Regulation on Inspection and Control of Food Safety and Quality all food manufacturers must apply HACCP as compulsory (Food quality assurance schemes in Turkey, 2011). To protect customers and increase the prestige of the brand, BreadTalk should be combined with organization and obey the law. 2.6.2 Tax One of reasons that BreadTalk should invest in Turkey is low taxes and incentives: Corporate Income Tax reduced from 30 percent to 20 percent Individual Income Tax varies from 15 percent to 35 percent Tax benefits and incentives in Technology Development Zones, Industrial Zones and Free Zones could include total or partial exemption from Corporate Income Tax, up to 80 percent grant on employers social security share, as well as land allocation. New RD and Innovation Support Law Region and sector-based incentive system 3. Conclusion Analyzing PESTEL for the business environment of Turkey gives BreadTalk a wider and deeper view on Turkey to come up with the decision to enter Turkey market. Turkey can best withstand before the global financial crisis. In addition, Turkey attracts investors by young labor force, capable, modern infrastructure, large domestic market, a number of free trade agreement, investment environment freeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Besides, one of the current challenges of BreadTalk is the high rate of inflation, corruption, terrorism.

Graduation Speech: The Opportunity to Make a Difference :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Over the past year or so some dreadful events have occurred at high schools, alarming the American public while they have talked about increased security, clinging to images of guns, blood and typical-looking teenagers committing unthinkable crimes. The media has focused on these incidents without giving attention to all of the potential and talent that is flourishing throughout our high schools. I invite them to recognize the inspired pupils who are propelling themselves beyond standard and motivating others around them. That is what I want the American public to be talking about. As young adults we have the opportunity to make a difference. Not only for ourselves, but for our kids and future generations. I would like to tell everybody about someone who has made the most of his opportunity. Many of you guys know him, and he's actually a very close friend of mine. He's my dad, Mark Reiman. My father was blessed with the disease ALS, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. For those of you who don't know what this disease is about, it weakens your muscles until you are unable to function. It can affect your voice, your mobility, and it can even affect how well you chew your food. Seventy five percent of people afflicted with this disease only live 2 to 5 years after their diagnosis. My father has now lived with it for almost eight years. Many of you are probably wondering why I used the word blessed. My dad, and my family also, have come to the belief that he contracted this illness for a reason. That reason is he has been given the opportunity to change peoples' lives. He's given people hope when they thought there was nothing left to hope for. He's loved people when they thought they were unlovable, that because they no longer had the physical abilities they once had, they were a nuisance. Believe me, you can accomplish so much with your mind and touch so many people with your heart. He's also taught people that every day we have is a blessing. We need to make every second count, because life is great. I mean life is awesome, you guys. If I have learned anything through my dad's affliction or from our years at Tates Creek, it's that I love life -- and want to experience as much of it as possible. Now my dad is just one guy, and look what he's done. We are individuals.

Career Pathway Essay

Create a career pathway plan for yourself, indicating what opportunities are open to you as you progress in your chosen career. Indicate what you will need to learn or any qualifications you might need to gain in order to achieve your goals. Identify sources of information to help you achieve your goals. Task D Presentation or report Prepare a presentation or report on an issue or area of public concern related to the care Profession. Your presentation or report should include: †¢ A description of the issue or area of public concern raised †¢ An outline of the different points of view regarding the issue or area of public concern raised †¢ A description of how the issue or area of public concern has affected service provision and methods of working †¢ A description of how public opinion is affected by issues and areas of concern in either the health, social care or children’s and young people’s sectors Question Booklet Task A – Short Answer Questions Ai) Imagine you are a newly appointed supervisor/manager within your service. You need to update your staff handbook to reflect current employment law. Identify three different sources of information you could use to enable you to do this. 3 marks †¢Changes in Employment Law since handbook was last updated. Dircet Gov Website – www.directgov.uk/en/Employment/Employess/index.htm †¢Health and Safety Requirements – www.hse.giv.uk †¢Current company handbook Once you have identified a reliable source of information: Aii a) List three aspects of employment covered by law. 3 marks †¢Your contract and working hours. †¢Holidays, Time Off, Sick, Maternity and Paternity leave. †¢Redundancies, Dismissals and Disciplinarians. b) List three main features of current employment legislation. 3 marks †¢Employment Rights. †¢Equalities and Discrimination Law. †¢Health and Safety Legislation. Understand employment responsibilities and rights in health, social care or children’s and young People’s settings Aiii) Briefly outline why employment law exists. 3 marks †¢Employment law exists to protect employees and workers against circumstances they may face in their work lives. Protection is available to employees and workers differs (generally employees have greater rights than workers), every person who works for an employer is protected from discrimination in the workplace, has the right to receive the national  minimum wage and work no more than 48 hours per week, unless they wish to. These rights apply regards of the employment situation, like temporary worked, fixed term, permanent or length of service to the employer.

Free Essays on Juvenile Justice

Juvenile Justice Court Observation Paper The place, Lincoln Hall of Juvenile Justice located at 1025 E. Forest. February 5, 2003. It is 10:00 in the morning, the immediate are is both commercial and residential. Located behind the city morgue and across the street from some subsidized housing complexes, Lincoln Hall is surrounded by the Wayne State University Campus and by the Detroit Medical Center. The Department of Transportation is around the corner and located on one side of the building is the freeway on the other side is the Juvenile Detention Facility. I parked right in front of the building but waiting and finding a parking space took a couple of runs around the block. Like most court buildings there is really no designated area to park, which makes it even harder to find adequate parking. Now you have to run the risk of parking in a possible tow away zone and risk getting a ticket. Despite the unpleasantness of the parking the building was very easy to locate. Being in the presence of the courtroom did not make me feel any more or less safe, than I would in any other Detroit Neighborhood. There were metal detectors and security guards in their places as you walked in the doorway that you have to pass through. I was forced to take my belt off and put it back in my car because it had too much metal in it. The security guards, if you ask me, were a little too relaxed. They were joking around and not really paying attention. Don’t get me wrong as a security guard you must find something to help pass the time but it should not be done at the security expenses of other people. Lincoln Hall consists of two buildings not including the detention facility, one marked A the other marked B. Building A has three floors with many windows and was built in 1979. There are two floors in Building A that connects to Building B. Building B appeared to be a lot older than building A. Building B consists of 5 floors and has a... Free Essays on Juvenile Justice Free Essays on Juvenile Justice Juvenile Justice Court Observation Paper The place, Lincoln Hall of Juvenile Justice located at 1025 E. Forest. February 5, 2003. It is 10:00 in the morning, the immediate are is both commercial and residential. Located behind the city morgue and across the street from some subsidized housing complexes, Lincoln Hall is surrounded by the Wayne State University Campus and by the Detroit Medical Center. The Department of Transportation is around the corner and located on one side of the building is the freeway on the other side is the Juvenile Detention Facility. I parked right in front of the building but waiting and finding a parking space took a couple of runs around the block. Like most court buildings there is really no designated area to park, which makes it even harder to find adequate parking. Now you have to run the risk of parking in a possible tow away zone and risk getting a ticket. Despite the unpleasantness of the parking the building was very easy to locate. Being in the presence of the courtroom did not make me feel any more or less safe, than I would in any other Detroit Neighborhood. There were metal detectors and security guards in their places as you walked in the doorway that you have to pass through. I was forced to take my belt off and put it back in my car because it had too much metal in it. The security guards, if you ask me, were a little too relaxed. They were joking around and not really paying attention. Don’t get me wrong as a security guard you must find something to help pass the time but it should not be done at the security expenses of other people. Lincoln Hall consists of two buildings not including the detention facility, one marked A the other marked B. Building A has three floors with many windows and was built in 1979. There are two floors in Building A that connects to Building B. Building B appeared to be a lot older than building A. Building B consists of 5 floors and has a...

Treadway Tire Case Essays

Treadway Tire Case Essays Treadway Tire Case Paper Treadway Tire Case Paper Treadway Tire Case BY rocker0815 6N212: Management in Organizations Case: The Treadway Tire Company: Job Dissatisfaction and High Turnover at the Lima Tire Plant Harvard Brief Case: # 2190 Oune, 2008) Case Analysis Questions: 1 . Briefly describe the situation today at the Lima Tire plant. Treadway Tires plant in Lima, Ohio must confront strong Job dissatisfaction and high turnover among its line foremen. The foremen are caught in the middle of an adversarial relationship between the union and management, and they must cope with the needs and interests of both. They also perceive limited opportunity for areer advancement. Solving the problem requires rethinking the philosophy that guides workforce management and changing the Treadway culture that has grown up around that philosophy. Facing mounting pressure to reduce costs and increase productivity, director of human resources Ashley Wall must work quickly to analyze the root causes of the problem and provide an action plan to reduce turnover of the line foreman segment 2. What is the relationship between line foremen at Treadways Lima Plant and other groups within the plant: general supervisors and area managers, top management, he union, hourly workers, each other? Why do you believe the relationships are as they are? 3. How do you feel line foreman feel about their Jobs and why? Be specific about their sources of dissatisfaction. How engaged are the line foreman? How would they respond to Gallups 12 Questions of a Strong Workplace? Expand on your position. 4. What are the consequences of those feelings? What is the ripple effect of having disengaged line foreman? 5. What are the costs of turnover within the Lima plant? Direct? Indirect? How would you calculate the cost of turnover if you were Ashley Wall making a presentation to top management? (Hint: Look at number of hours worked per month, salary plus benefits, and how long it takes to come up to speed in the role) What is the magnitude of the turnover problem? Here is a formula for calculating the direct cost of turnover: Average Hours Worked/Month x Wage/Hour (including benefits) x Number of Months for Learning Curve x Productivity during Learning Curve x Number of Positions Turned Over = Direct Cost of Turnover 6. Discuss the elements of the current work system that are contributing to the problem. How does each negatively impact engagement and Job satisfaction? Out of a total of 50 foremen at the Lima facility, 23 of these positions have turn over. and resolve a variety of personnel, resources, and administrative issues in a 12-hour shift. On top of this, line for felt often pulled in different, often conflicting directions by management, the workers, and the union. Meeting performance goals is the most important duty of the line foreman. Every day a break out report of the previous days actual performance vs. orecast was circulated to all line foremen, general upervisor, area managers, and the plant operating committee. The report detailed such metrics as labor hours per unit, units completed, and units rejected owing to quality issues. If the results fell below forecasted levels, the foreman was subject to a severe tongue lashing and usually threatened with poor performance review. Responsibilities A foremans top priority was to start the tire production line each work day a nd ensure that no technical issues would stop production during the shift. Due o the Strenuous nature of long shifts, the scheduled hourly workers often came ate to work or called in sick, causing foremen to scramble for last minute substitute workers and assign them spontaneously to appropriate task. Morale No Matter what happens, were expected to meet or exceed targets, which get higher every year. Feel powerless to discipline the employee due to the union. They dont feel like they have authority, but yet they have all the responsibility. Hiring process-ok Training-Foreman did not receive formal training. The company did not want to invest in the training. Goals As long as you meet targets without aggravating the union or management too much, oure fine. Promotion Line foremen Just dont see any way to move up at Lima. No room for advancement. Survey The company did not offer clear opportunities for advancement Conclusion Morale and productivity were imperiled. The plant was not satisfactorily developing new managers. Relations between management and the union were threatened. Management is sensitive to employee problems. Did not feel prepared to accomplish duties Immediate supervisor is not a positive role model. Tone at the top Training 7. What action plan should Ashley Wall recommend? Be specific in describing your ecommended actions. 8. What key lessons will you take away from this case relative to building an engaged work culture and being an effective manager? Discuss the elements of the current work system that are contributing to the problem. How does each negatively impact engagement and Job satisfaction? In this case, there are many elements of the current work system that are contributing to the problem. The problem can be attributed to the inefficient training system in place, which resulted in undertrained foreman. The current training process was a sink or swim mentality forced upon the foreman. Due to the lack of proper training, the line foreman did not have the proper tools to do the Job right or run things properly. This lack of training has lead to a low Job satisfaction and low employee engagement among foremen. Another element contributing to the problem was the constant pressure from managers to meet or exceed targets no matter what happened in the factory. The foremen were under constant pressure and Judged on a daily basis on their production results. The bosses often threatened the foreman to get results. This type of leadership style caused tension between the supervisors and the foreman. The constant pressures on targets lead toa high stress environment, low employee morale, and low Job satisfaction among foremen. Foremen were also faced with long shifts and very substantial workload. These long work hours increase the stress and fatigue on foremen, which will lead to a less productive employee. Even if foremen are able to handle the long shifts and substantial workload, they are face with few opportunities to move up within the company. The long shifts, substantial work load, and the lack of opportunities have lead to low employee engagement, higher stress, and low Job satisfaction. What action plan should Ashley Wall recommend? Be specific in describing your recommended actions. Ashley should recommend a training program for new and current foremen that will prepare them on how to effectively do their Job adequately. This would be a good long term investment for the company. This training program would enable these foremen to have better experience and results in the workplace. Providing appropriate training and information will make employees feel more valuable and will result in better Job satisfaction. The company should have hiring process to promote from internal candidates. This process accompanied with the appropriate training and employee development will lead to employee retention. These steps will show the foreman that the company is loyal to qualified employees. satisfaction. The company should put less pressure on the foremen for immediate result on things that are outside their control, for example sick employee. The results should be adjusted based on the head count for that particular day. Introduce a productivity measure per employee, not per department. Ashley should also propose shorter shifts. Shorter shifts would improve the productivity of the plant. The longer the shifts lead to less productive employees at the end of a long shift. The current length of time for each shift could be reduced so that it causes less stress on the individuals and help with work life balance. People can work strong for a time, but once they reach fatigue, they begin to make more mistakes and theyre more irritable. The shorter shift will increase employee morale and Job satisfaction. 8. Empower your employees, treat them with respect, and be someone your employees would follow, Train. Empower your employees, treat them with respect, and be someone your employees would follow.